Unless names include words similar to "railroad", I exclude all real estate companies, including those owned by railroads.

Practically every large-sized railroad company had real estate operations. Obviously every railroad company owned property for their tracks to cross, but ownership by itself would not have demanded separate corporations. Seemingly, only those companies which owned property in multiple states, or had plans to develop land beyond railroading, would have needed separate real estate and railroad companies.

Corporate shields. It was not uncommon for land grant railroads to sell lots for development of towns along their rights-of-way. It seems reasonable that separate real estate companies may have served as corporate shields against accusations of less than stellar business practices.

Disposing of large acreages. Large western land grant railroads like the Santa Fe, the Union Pacific and the Northern Pacific had huge acreages to dispose of. For such companies, separate real estate operations were absolutely necessary.

Land development. In the 1970s, special, wholly-owned subsidiaries (Upland Industries in the case of the Union Pacific Corporation, for instance) were set up to develop business parks near their branches and main lines.

Research required. It is not uncommon for large, diversified corporations to have separate real estate arms. This includes railroad companes, logging companies, defense contractors, agri-businesses, and so forth. It is often impossible to tell the types of parent companies behind "real estate company" names without extended research.

To make matters more difficult, real estate operations often worked behind names that included non-specific words such as:

• industries
• development companies
• immigration companies
• investment companies
• "properties" companies
• or just plain "company".

Researching every one of those companies is far beyond the scope of this catalog dedicated to listing certificates from railroad companies.